Many studies have reported associations between respiration and various cognitive functions. Previous research indicates that overactivity in the brain is associated with poor narrative content comprehension 10, 11, 12. We focused on respiration and brain activity as potential mediators. As such, brain activity and physiological changes likely exist as mediating variables in the relationship between the visual environment and cognitive performance. Because vision has a dominant influence on other senses when it comes to sensory integration or cross-modality 7, 8, 9, visual input might also affect brain state and physiological condition. Even if the content of the text is the same, reading comprehension may be different depending on the visual context. The decline in comprehension when reading from an electric device might be due to poor concentration levels or different sensory processing circuits, which might be associated with physiological states, including brain and physiological activity levels. The link between visual environment and cognitive performance has been reported in basic research 5, 6. Although electronic devices have benefited mankind tremendously, they cause eyestrain and headaches 1, 2 and lead to poor reading comprehension 3, 4. In recent years, reading and studying on electronic devices has become more common. These findings provide new insight into the respiration-mediated mechanisms of cognitive function. A path analysis suggests that the interactive relationship between sigh inhibition and overactivity in the prefrontal cortex causes comprehension decline. Furthermore, reading on a smartphone affected sigh frequency but not normal breathing, suggesting that normal breathing and sigh generation are mediated by pathways differentially influenced by the visual environment. We found that, compared to reading on a paper medium, reading on a smartphone elicits fewer sighs, promotes brain overactivity in the prefrontal cortex, and results in reduced comprehension. In this study, we investigated the cause for comprehension decline when reading on a smartphone by simultaneously measuring respiration and brain activity during reading in 34 healthy individuals. One disadvantage is that reading comprehension is reduced when reading from an electronic device the cause of this deficit in performance is unclear. Electronic devices have become an indispensable part of our daily lives, while their negative aspects have been reported.
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